urinary iodine excretion normal values

Sources of dietary iodine: Bread, cows milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. Thyroid function status was determined according to the biochemical criteria taking consideration of the reference range provided in the kit, which reported fT3 2.166.47pmol/L, fT4 10.3228.38pmol/L, TSH 0.396.16mIU/L and Tg 350g/L. 2022 Jun;61(4):2143-2151. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02801-6. Iodine deficiency disorders and endemic guatr. 2007. p. 110. In Tehrathum and Morang, 9.5 and 7.7% of SAC had UIE values of UIE <100g/L while 59.5 and 41% had iodine nutrition values of >299g/L, with median UIE of 345.65 and 270.36g/L respectively. Normal. The .gov means its official. Montenegro-Bethancourt G, Johner SA, Stehle P, Neubert A, Remer T. Thyroid. Before This has in part been due to major changes in political control and financial instability. The prevalence of iodine deficiency, serum thyroglobulin, anti-thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in the urban areas of Kayseri, Central Anatolia. Delange F, Benker G, Caron P, Eber O, Ott W, Peter F, et al. 2014 Apr;24(4):748-57. doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0404. Received 2014 Feb 14; Accepted 2015 Aug 17. An official website of the United States government. Although remarkable progress has been made in the control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), they still remain a significant global public health problem particularly in developing countries [3]. Epub 2009 Feb 4. National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Urinary iodine excretion and antiperoxidase enzyme antibody in - PubMed Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Increased iodine excretion, which reflects iodine intake, is inversely related to thyroid nodule volume. Our focused data suggests that collaborative universal salt iodization (USI) programs are improving the health of children in the Tehrathum and Morang districts of Nepal. BG, AKN and BKLD also collected the sample, co-wrote the manuscript and analyzed the data. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Among the 640 children, 155 consented to blood samples (Tehrathum n=78 and Morang n=77) to test for serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). PMC 44 For this reason, in sensitivity analyses, we explored modification by adding an interaction term between iodine levels and urinary phenol and phthalate metabolite concentrations. The median UIE values of single spot urine tests are presented in Table1 and results are reported as a population not individuals as suggested by Zimmerman et al. Kim. Patients with nodules greater than 2 centimeters, cystic nodules, or neoplastic lesion were excluded from the study. All patients were divided into three groups according to level of urine iodine excretion analyzed at first visit. A practical manual of thyroid and parathyroid disease. Reference Range * 0-17 years: not established; age >=18 years: <584 mcg/g creatinine. J Endocrinol Invest. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, Department of Community Medicine, B.P. Iodine in the urine. Use. We have classified the iodine status of median UIE according to epidemiological criteria developed by WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD for SAC (6years) as severe ID (<20g/L), moderate ID (2049g/L), mild ID (5099g/L), adequate iodine nutrition (100199g/L), above requirements (100199g/L) and excessive (>300g/L) [16]. However, UIE levels of <100 and <50 g/L were detected in both male and female groups, respectively. Relations between various measures of iodine intake and thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity and serum thyroglobulin. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function status in school age Nutrients. Every effort was made to ensure that urine samples were not contaminated. 2018 Feb;40(1):87-97. doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-9911-z. Iodine supplementation in Austria: methods and results. Thyroid. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. A total of 640 SAC, (Tehrathum n=274 and Morang n=366) aged 611years, were assessed for UIE and household SIC. Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, Bazrafshan HR, Lee SL, Braverman LE. In the first group the percentage of iodine-rich fed patients was 22% while it was 73.1% in third group (P<.001) Table 1. Test Limitations Administration of iodine-based contrast media and drugs containing iodine, such as amiodarone, will yield elevated results. This illustrates further how regular sampling of iodine status and basic education about nutritional supplements are necessary so that the appropriate action taken to increase or decrease iodine intake. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Urinary iodine excretion and serum thyroid function in adults after Normal values of urinary iodine concentration were > or =10.0 microg/dl, and severe iodine deficiency were <2 microg/dl. Urinary iodine excretion in healthy Mexican adults - ResearchGate Thus, this study aims to determine the current iodine and thyroid status in school children in the Tehrathum and Morang districts of Eastern Nepal by measuring UIE, serum Tg, fT3, fT4, TSH and salt iodine content (SIC). Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). Objective: The surveillance of. Boyage SC. Our results agree with previous trends seen in national surveys showing that iodized salt programs are steadily improving the iodine deficiency problems that plagued Nepal and other developing countries in recent times. Evaluation of three different estimates of iodine excretion based on casual urine samples and comparison to 24 h values. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help However, the methods for urine collection and the reporting of the results vary. The WHO has estimated the worldwide prevalence of ID is 36.4% in SAC leading to debilitating iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). 2022 Sep 16;14(18):3817. doi: 10.3390/nu14183817. Expressing the urinary iodide concentration as a function of urinary creatinine is useful in correcting for the influence of fluid intake. In areas of mild iodine . Thyroglobulin measurement. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. MeSH Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and serum free T4 (FT4), thyrotropin hormone (TSH), antiperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPOAb), and antithyroglobulin antibodies . Smoking rates were higher in iodine deficient groups. Normal rats fed 125I-LID ad libitum and thyroidectomized animals maintained with 125I-labeled l-thyroxine showed diurnal changes in urinary and fecal iodine excretion, the highest values corresponding to the night period. 2011 Sep-Oct;31(5):548; author reply 548-9. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.84644. Subclinical hypothyroidism are considered when TSH >6.16mIU/L with fT3 and fT4 in the reference range whereas in subclinical hyperthyroidism, TSH <0.39mIU/L with fT3 and fT4 in the reference range. The correlation between breast cancer and urinary iodine excretion The Government of India is aiding the iodization process. Normal values of urinary iodine concentration were 10.0 g/dl, and severe iodine deficiency were <2 g/dl. Mathiaparanam S, Nori de Macedo A, Mente A, Poirier P, Lear SA, Wielgosz A, Teo KK, Yusuf S, Britz-Mckibbin P. Nutrients. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine We propose that the Tg values obtained in this study could be ranked as iodine sufficiency regions if the cut-off of 50g/L is applied. According to the Nepal National Survey and Impact study for IDDs in 2007, children having UIE <100g/L were 26.1% in mountain, 18.9% in hill and 9.1% in terai in eastern Nepal [1]. In the study, the average usual iodine intake in Korean adults was 479 g per day (ranging from 61 to 4,086 g), and the average urinary excretion of iodine was 674 g/g, which are values similar to our study. Mean iodine urinary concentration was 16.36 microg/dl (+/-1.58). (PDF) Urinary Iodine Excretion In Pregnancy: A Pilot Study in The Thus, the urine iodine level is an important parameter that reflects the iodine levels of a geographic area and effects chronic iodine deficiency on thyroid gland volumes. TSH level in neonates are particularly sensitive to ID, although the cost of implementing a TSH screening program is too high for most developing countries [16]. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The reason for the discrepancy is not known but it could be due to the focused coverage (only 7 clusters) of the Tehrathum region as we were unable to reach the most remote parts of the districts due to security and logistics problem, a recognized limitation of the study. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Endemic Goiter and endemic thyroid disorders. Iodine deficiency is an important public health problem in Turkey as in other parts of the world. Iodide Excretion in 24-hour Urine Collection and Its Dietary Iodized salt is consumed in the same level throughout the year and the production is often confined to a few centers which means that processing can occur on a larger scale and with better controlled conditions [30]. In spite of this the government of Nepal has been engaged in surveys to study the incidence of ID since 1998. High prevalence of goiter in an iodine replete area: do thyroid auto-antibodies play a role? An official website of the United States government. The nodule volume increase in first group patients was statistically significant when compared to the nodule volume decrease in second and third group patients (P=.002, P<.001, respectively). Monitor exposure to iodine; evaluate for iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), excessive iodine intake, or iodine in the workplace. The results of our study also uncovered an unexpected and complicating issue of surprisingly high levels of iodine excess in the same population with a proportion of people showing low iodine status. This discrepancy could also be explained by the timing of the nationwide surveys. These methods, and their advantages and disadvantages, are considered in this article. It is a. Andersen S, Iversen F, Terpling S, Pedersen KM, Gustenhoff P, Laurberg P. Maturitas. Iodine deficiency status in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review. Iodine status in Korean preschool children as determined by urinary 1996 Feb;42(2):239-43 This is of concern because elevated iodine can lead to induced hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease. Normal values for thyroid ultrasonography, goiter prevalence and Thiocyanate status does not play a role in the etiology of residual goiter in school children of Isfahan, Iran. One potential source of high iodine values may be due to the eating habits of this particular population with frequent consumption of high-iodine uncooked instant noodles and flavor sachets in their lunch break. Of the many studies on iodine deficiency, most have not shown a relationship between urine iodine level and prognosis of the thyroid nodule.12,13 Ultrasonography is the recommended method for evaluating thyroid nodules for volume and consistency. Test Details In this study, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is classified by considering all three thyroid related hormones. The blood was centrifuged immediately at 3000g for 10min, and serum was separated into two aliquots and stored at 20C until analysis. Mirmiran P, Golzarand M, Serra-Majem L, Azizi F. Iran J Public Health. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Variations in urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function. A 1-year Chen W, Wu Y, Lin L, Tan L, Shen J, Pearce EN, Guo X, Wang W, Bian J, Jiang W, Zhang W. J Nutr. This, and the fact that there is a considerable variability in the daily iodine intake, makes the iodine measurement in spot urine samples unreliable for evaluating individuals for iodine deficiency, though they can be used to screen for exposure to large amounts of iodine from sources such as amiodarone and certain radiographic contrast agents. It is recognized that in spite of the highly significant correlations described above, the contribution to the total variance is small, leaving a high proportion of the variance unaccountable. Nearly two billion individuals have inadequate iodine status (UIE <100 g/L). Other forms of thyroid problems, namely iodine-induced hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hyperthyroidism . Mildly deficient. Methods: Beneficial effects of iodized salt prophylaxis on thyroid volume in an iodine deficient area of southern Italy. Bookshelf Environ Geochem Health. Based on UIE, 1.7% of SAC had severe, 2.2% had moderate and 4.5% had mild ID. The data were analyzed and compared by the Chi- Square tests and Mann-Whitney U in SPSS software; p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. Prior visits were made to the respective schools; the objectives of the study and its benefits were explained to the school authorities and childrens guardians. Iodine deficiency is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a population median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) that falls below 100 g/L, while a median UIC of 50-99 g/L, 20-49 g/L, and <20 g/L indicates mild, moderate, and severe iodine deficiency, respectively [ 7 ]. Universal salt iodization (USI) has been significantly successful in most countries [21]. The mean SIC for Tehrathum and Morang by salt iodometric method was 39.4 (SD 18.0) and 43.3 (SD 12.0) ppm respectively. The median daily iodine intake of the whole population was lower (96 g/d, interquartile range 51-165) than the daily adequate iodine intake according to both EFSA and WHO recommendation (150 g/d), with a significantly lower value among women (85 g/d) compared with men (111 g/d). A relationship between thyroid nodule volume and urine iodine excretion was observed. There are two main ways in which urine can be collected for iodine measurement. SIC was measured by iodometric titration method and Tg, TSH, fT4 and fT3 were measured by immunoassay based kit method. Vitamin A deficiency, as measured by serum retinol levels, quoted 6% of mothers and 12.5% of pre-school children to be deficient. Clean, airtight plastic pouches were distributed to the same eligible children with clear instructions for collecting the salt samples from their homes, which were collected the following day. Spencer CA, Wang CC. UIE was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method. The whiskers above and below the box mark the maximum and minimum levels. Epub 2012 Aug 31. Careers. The nodule volume increase in first group patients was found to be statistically significant when compared to the nodule volume decrease in second and third group patients (P values; P=.002; P<.001 respectively). Sixteen of 26 patients showed a decrease, but six showed an increase in nodule volume and four patients had no change. It is thought that smoking impairs iodine intake or absorption, which is consistent with a previous report by Knudsen et al.18. Normal values of urinary iodine concentration were > or =10.0 microg/dl, and severe iodine deficiency were <2 microg/dl. Iodine intake is often measured by a surrogate measure, namely urine iodine excretion as almost all ingested iodine is excreted in the urine. Results: In Tehrathum and Morang, 9.5 and 7.7% of SAC had UIE values of UIE <100 g/L while 59.5 and 41% had iodine nutrition values of >299 g/L, with median UIE of 345.65 and 270.36 g/L respectively. Nearly two billion individuals have inadequate iodine status (UIE <100g/L). However, data confirming Tg cutoff value were limited. Iodine Nutritoin- More Is Better. Goiter prevalence, urinary iodine excretion, thyroid function and anti-thyroid function and anti-thyroid antibodies after 12 years of salt iodization in Shahriar, Iran. Khalili N, Hashemipour M, Keshteli AH, Siavash M, Amini M. J Endocrinol Invest. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD [12] suggested that to be considered an iodine sufficient region, more than 50% of the school children should have UIE level of (100g/L) or more, and not more than 20% of samples should have UIE level of less than (50g/L). Spot urine sample is recommended for population based studies [13, 14]. 2009 Oct 20;64(2):126-31. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.007. Median UIE was 148 g/L (within the recommended level by the World Health Organization [WHO]). 1987 Nov;65(5):987-93 5-8 g . Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Epub 2015 Apr 14. This study was performed to investigate the status of iodine intake among the Kuwaiti population and its effect on thyroid function. The site is secure. Bonofiglio D, Catalano S, Perri A, Baldini MP, Marsico S, Tagarelli A, et al. Through an observational, case-control study and by means of satisfied sampling, 6520 primary school children were examined for goiter, and then 193 goiterous children (case) and 151 healthy (control) children were assessed as representative samples for thyroid function tests, antiperoxidase antibody, and urinary iodine excretion. Serum free T4 and TSH were checked, and differences in thyroid ultrasono graphic findings before and after follow up were noted. government site. We also found that excessive iodine in a large portion of the study groups is a substantial concern and iodine intervention programs need to deal with both deficient and excessive iodine scenarios that can both be present simultaneously in study populations. 2015 Jul;38(1):73-81. Urine iodine excretion n patients with euthyroid noduler disease 2002 Oct;12(10):903-7. doi: 10.1089/105072502761016539. We would like to thank all faculties, staffs and PG students from department of Biochemistry, BPKIHS for providing the platform to conduct the research. I odine is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland to synthesize thyroid hormones. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In females, the prevalence was 1.3 times higher than in males (male:female ratio 3/4). Paras Kumar Pokharel, Email: moc.liamg@hsarapinam. The overall medians were as follows, Tg 14.29 g/L, fT3 3.94 pmol/L, fT4 16.25 pmol/L and TSH 3.61 mIU/L. The majority of the childrens Tg values fall in the normal reference range (See Fig. Basanta Gelal, Email: moc.liamg@atnasablaleg. The control of iodine deficiency. Globally, iodine deficiency control programs using iodized salt have significantly reduced IDDs, but many countries still have weak or nonexistent national programs. O'Leary PC, Feddema PH, Michelangeli VP, Leedman PJ, Chew GT, Knuiman M, Kaye J, Walsh JP. Re: Urine iodine excretion in patients with euthyroid nodular disease. Group 1: <50 g/L (severe iodine deficiency group, n=18), Group 2: 50-100 g/L (mild iodine deficiency group, n=18), Group 3: >100 g/L (iodine sufficient group, n=26). Figure1 depicted the iodine status of the SAC of both Tehrathum and Morang districts based on the UIE. World Health Organization. Rasmussen et al. Erem C, Mocan MZ, Telatar M, Kavgac H. Trabzon ve yresinde guatrl ve guatrsz gebelerde idrar iyot atlm. The DONALD study as a longitudinal sensor of nutritional developments: iodine and salt intake over more than 30years in German children. will also be available for a limited time. Thirteen out of 21 (62%) children with positive antibodies had significant goiter (grade 2), and 5 (24%) had small goiter (grade 1), whereas only 3 children (14%) had normal thyroid size (p=0.001). Iodine in urine: norm, reasons for deviation - I Live! OK We observed this in our study, something that was similarly noted in a study undertaken in the Khumbu region of Nepal by Heydon et al. [27] as reported in the results section. -, Thyroid. 2016 Dec 23;9(1):7. doi: 10.3390/nu9010007. PMC Out of 640 children, blood samples from 155 children with parental consent were collected for the estimation of serum TSH, fT3, fT4 and Tg. Gutekunst et al found a higher prevalence of thyroid nodules in an iodine-deficient area compared with an iodine-sufficient area.11 However, little is known about the natural course of benign thyroid nodules in euthyroid patients over time. Our study could simply be showing the continued trend of sustainable improvement of UIE status of school children, which is supported by the previous studies [3133]. No relationship was found between thyroid volume and urine iodine excretion, even in patients with severe iodine deficiency. PKP and GSS contributed in design of methodology and reviewed the manuscript. Urine Tests: Normal Values - MSD Manual Professional Edition Patients with thyroid nodules can be nourished by an iodine-rich diet, confirmed by urine iodine excretion, to control the thyroid nodule growth. Then all the children aged 611years in these schools were included as the ultimate sampling unit. Urinary iodine results and their implications Upon consumption, the needed amount of iodine is retained in the body, while excess iodine is excreted. A normal adult utilizes about 80 g/day of iodine to maintain adequate thyroid hormone production, which represents an intake of approximately 150 g/day of iodine after accounting for fecal and urinary losses ().The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of iodine by the U.S. Institute of . Perrine CG, Cogswell ME, Swanson CA, Sullivan KM, Chen TC, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Caldwell KL, Wang CY. Serum Tg correlated positively with TSH (r=0.285, p<0.0001) and negatively with SIC (r=0.222, p=0.005). No difference was seen between the mean urinary iodine in goiterous and healthy school children (17.4+/-3.7 microg/dl vs 15.3+/-3.18 microg/dl, p=0.78). Moderately deficient. Thyroid volume and nodules were measured with sonography. A questionnaire was introduced to document the. Careers. Assessment of Urinary Iodine Excretion Among Normal Kuwaiti Adults Iodine, 24 Hour, Urine Useful For Assessment of iodine toxicity or recent exposure in a 24-hour urine collection Monitoring iodine excretion rate as index of replacement therapy Special Instructions Urine Preservatives-Collection and Transportation for 24-Hour Urine Specimens Trace Metals Analysis Specimen Collection and Transport Method Name We found 19.5%, n=15 and 16.7%, n=13 subclinical hypothyroid cases in Morang and Tehrathum respectively. Goiter prevalence in school-age children and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) are the main indicators of iodine deficiency in a population. This sampling design was equivalent to conducting a 3020 cluster sampling (600 children) as the average number of children aged 611years in each school was found to be around 90 (630 children). PMC legacy view Circulating thyroid hormones in endemic goiter. Conclusion: Assessment of Urinary Iodine Excretion Among Normal Kuwaiti - DeepDyve Indicators for assessing iodine deficiency disorders and their control through salt iodization. Blood samples (3mL) were collected by venipuncture in a plain red capped vacutainer (BD vacutainer, USA) and transported to the biochemistry laboratory at BPKIHS, maintaining a cold chain. In drinking water, the content of iodine is insignificant, so the bulk of this trace element enters the human body with food. Zimmerman MB, "Iodine Deficiency," Endocrine Reviews, The Endocrine Society, 2009, 30:376-408. *According to the normal range (440g/L) provided by Zimmermann et al. Severely deficient. 7 According to the WHO, a median urinary iodine excretion of 100 to 199 g/L indicates that the iodine intake is adequate. These were completed with school children in 1995, 2005 and 2007, with median UIE values of 143.8, 188.0 and 202.88g/L respectively [1, 9]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren from Gorgan, Iran, a decade after national iodine supplementation: association with age, gender, and thyroperoxidase antibodies. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Urinary iodine concentrations for determining iodine status in populations Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal and included permission to obtain urine and blood samples from SAC 611years. Cytology by fine-needle aspiration showed tumors to be benign. This study included 62 randomly selected patients with benign euthyroid nodule. Group 1: <50 g/L (severe iodine deficiency group, n=18), Group 2: 50-100 g/L (mild iodine deficiency group, n=18), Group 3: >100 g/L (iodine sufficient group, n=26). Although a decrease in mean nodule volume was observed in two patients, the difference was not found to be statistically significant. 2003 Dec 10;83(23):2036-9. If urinary iodine concentration is considered an index of total body iodine content, this study demonstrated that prolonged iodized salt intake has minimized the occurrence of iodine deficiency goiter and now autoimmune thyroid enlargement is one cause for continuous goiter in primary school children, although there are unknown etiologies that need to be considered in further studies. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal and transmitted securely. Ann Saudi Med. Chakraborty I, Mazumdar P, Chakraborty PS, Chattopadhyay G, Bhowmick K. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Urinary iodine excretion and antiperoxidase enzyme antibody in goitrous District wise distribution of sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found to be 16.7% (n=13) and 19.5% (n=15) in Tehrathum and Morang respectively (see Fig. 3 individual values of urinary iodine concentration are important only as they contribute to the location indicate glomerular disease. The questionnaire contained questions regarding the average food consumption frequency. Urinary iodine is a sensitive indicator of recent iodine intake [11, 12], but not of thyroid function. An increased level of iodine intake is associated with a decreased thyroid nodule volume. We found significant difference between age groups for UIE (p=0.012). | Find, read and cite all the research you . Ji C, Lu T, Dary O, Legetic B, Campbell NR, Cappuccio FP; Sub-Group for Research and Surveillance of the PAHOWHO Regional Expert Group for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Population-wide Dietary Salt Reduction. The very high day-to-day variability in the dietary iodine intake of individuals results in very high day-to-day variation in UIC ( 2 ). Mean thyroid volume was 7.83.1 ml and 7.82.8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the worldwide prevalence of ID using urinary iodine excretion (UIE) data sampling 92 % of the world's population from 1993 to 2003 . Madhab Lamsal, Email: ku.oc.oohay@lasmalbahdam. The association between dietary intake of food groups and urinary iodine excretion was assessed among 358 subjects who completed a semi-weighed 4-day diet record (DR) and urine collection. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 18.1% of 155 cases, including 13.9% (n=11) boys and 22.4% (n=17) girls had subclinical hypothyroidism. 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