Additional translations of the Executive Summary are available in the following languages, with thanks to Climate Cardinals: Climate and environmental hazards are having devastating impacts on the well-being and future of children globally, One billion children at extremely high risk of the impacts of the climate crisis - UNICEF, UNICEF Poll: African youth report reconsidering having children due to climate change at higher rate than youth from other regions, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Priyanka Chopra Jonas calls for more investment in girls during visit to home country, India, English, Small-scale, informal or semi-formal businesses are mostly family based and serve as the main source of revenues and incomes for many vulnerable segments of their societies, including owners and employees. Processed food, mainly produced and retailed by SMAEs, is also important in diets as the opportunity cost of womens time has increased with out-of-home employment.
Population The percentage of people who cannot afford a healthy diet is obtained based on this threshold and comparing the cost of their diet with country income distributions. Since large-scale operators are generally capital-intensive, they can more easily switch between markets and increase their capitallabour ratios to reduce dependence on hired labour.10, 30 For this reason, modern food supply chains were more resilient than transitional ones to COVID-19 shocks mostly labour mobility and trade restrictions because they operate globally and can adjust to disruptions geographically and temporally and, to some extent, can adapt product composition.10 However, their intensive use of energy for cold storage and mechanization makes them highly vulnerable to shocks that hit the energy sector. 2020. 9. A darker shade means greater production (green in middle row) or greater demand (blue in bottom row). At farm level, households respond to the unpredictable interplay between natural, technological and social factors by reconfiguring and using available resources in novel ways. Transitional supply chains are longer, with many midstream intermediaries such as processors, wholesalers and retailers, who add value and move food across rural and urban areas. A midstream flexibility index (MFI) could combine these three elements to measure the diversification of the processing sector in terms of sourcing its primary inputs (domestic or imports), the types of goods it produces and market outlets. (2021) estimates about 3 billion people, around 40 percent of the worlds population, cannot afford a healthy diet.31 According to this report, almost another 1 billion people will be at risk if a shock reduces their income by one-third in the 143 countries analysed (Table 2). (also available at https://www.esr.ie/article/view/136). FAOSTAT. Highlights The global disruption to education caused by the COVD-19 pandemic is without parallel and the effects on learning are severe. Online guide [online]. 29. The route redundancy indicator measures availability of alternative routes by calculating the percentage of tonnes over links for which there are other routes. Kenyans are starting to drink their own coffee. 8. Townsend, R., Benfica, R.M., Prasann, A., Lee, M. & Shah, P. 2017. Rome, FAO. Rome, FAO. To build effective resilience, it is necessary to: recognize that shocks, stresses and their impacts on food supply chains can be highly unpredictable; and keep pathways to adapt and transform open. World Development, 135: 105059. Science, 347(6223): 1259855 [online]. 53. 13. It can therefore be expressed as: (1) DSFI = DSFI (imports)+DSFI (domestic production)+DSFI (stocks). Understanding tradeoffs in the context of farm-scale impacts: An application of decision-support tools for assessing climate smart agriculture. Policies to safeguard food security and nutrition need to consider the segments of the population most vulnerable to shocks and stresses and who work informally; social protection programmes need to be inclusive. However, due to their relevance in the context of this report, they are included here. The DSFI examines all the different pathways through which a unit of food (in nutritional outcomes) is available to a consumer. Connectivity and diversification contribute to absorptive capacity and being prepared for disruption: they do not target a specific event but provide options once a disruptive event occurs. 519/1. Country logistics also play a fundamental role in ensuring physical access to food and producing non-food agricultural output. In 2021, UNICEF continued to accelerate positive outcomes for women and girls, despite ongoing disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and other crises. The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st centurys sustainability crises, ch. Since proximity-based resilience depends on how production is distributed relative to demand, some large, high-income countries are also vulnerable. Sections 405(c) and (d) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act (CSPA) of 2008 (22 U.S.C. Those deficiencies condemn millions of farmers and other rural people to geographic and economic isolation, limited opportunities to develop businesses, poor access to services and high dependence on local weather conditions. Improvements in risk management and early warning capacity may be needed to help predict shocks and their impacts. However, exceptions exist, indicating other factors play a role. 2019. The Lancet. Central to this is applying existing global policy frameworks, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015203052 and the related UN Common Guidance on Resilience,53 valid across and within sectors. Each CHW delivers these essential health services in hard-to-reach communities, serving a population of about 170 households on average. Accra, Ghana. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(2): 171176. The future is a choice: The Oxfam framework and guidance for resilient development. 2008. Stone, J. How can we ensure that agrifood systems support livelihoods and sustainably provide continuous access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to all in the face of disruptions? 9. 2, 9, 1 September 2014, pp.
UNICEF The COVID-19 pandemic has created space for new narratives about resilience in agrifood systems. Taylor, L.H., Latham, S.M. Does receiving food aid influence the adoption of climate-adaptive agricultural practices? & Ridler, N. 2018. Roads may become impassable, bridges too dangerous to cross or even washed away. Orden, D. 2020. The effects of stunting are largely irreversible: children simply cannot recover height in the same way they can gain weight. 34. Building resilience is a necessary condition and intrinsically linked with achieving the SDGs and the overall 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 29 pp. Economics of Transition, 20(3): 481519. Low, B., Ostrom, E., Simon, C. & Wilson, J. Irrespective of , systems will be more resilient when there is a balance between production and consumption. This metric does not consider the delayed food quantity, meaning that the number of people affected in a catchment is the same regardless of the quantity of food delayed. It is assumed food availability can be linked to the share of food produced domestically, stocked from previous years or imported, and to the foods diversity. Combining predictable and reliable social protection with agricultural support interventions such as easing access to productive assets and training can maximize the impacts and increase the likelihood of success for sustainable economic inclusion processes.71, Poverty and vulnerability have a territorial dimension; some areas risk isolation and impoverishment if they lose crucial links to urban and export markets. Analyzing food security using household survey data. 53. Over the GAP cycle, through cross-sectoral approaches, strong partnerships and investment, and deliberate actions, UNICEF has helped advance results in areas such as adolescent girls skills development, menstrual health and hygiene (MHH), eradicating harmful practices, ending gender-based violence, and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prevention. Pandemics like COVID-19 and food safety breaches represent typical examples of biological shocks, while stresses may be the emergence of antimicrobial resistance or the persistence of food safety issues. Smaller enterprises and small-scale producers comprising traditional supply chains, lack the cost advantages of large companies. Targeted programmes have had positive outcomes, particularly in health, nutrition and school attendance. Download the publication in the most common reader formats: Agrifood systems resilience at national and subnational levels, Enhancing the resilience of rural livelihoods, Building resilient agrifood systems: guiding principles, DEFINING AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS IN RELATION TO FOOD SYSTEMS, A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS, Agrifood systems resilience and the six dimensions of food securitY, Conceptual framework for agrifood systems resilience analysis, Pathways to produce agricultural output and sell it IN domestic or export markets, for value, The PPFI in value terms, including non-food products, PPFI for value (left) and protein (right) for selected countries, 20162018, Pathways to source food from stocks, domestic production or imports, for kilocalories, Comparing the DSFI with the PPFI and identifying the hidden middle, Methodology to examine the resilience of domestic food transport networks, Food distribution networks in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ethiopia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Proximity-based resilience as a function of the average transport time of food in selected countries, Indicators of resilience and vulnerability of food transport networks for selected countries, Simulating the impact of floods on food transport networks in Nigeria and Pakistan, Flood scenarios affecting critical transport infrastructure in the Niger River delta in Nigeria (A) and the Indus plain in Pakistan (B), The contribution of forestry to the livelihoods of small-scale producers, Calculating the share of population at risk of not being able to afford a healthy diet, Indicators of unaffordability of healthy diets, Many cannot afford or are at risk of not being able to afford an energy-sufficient diet, Placement of selected countries based on the level of economic access to a healthy diet and DSFI for tonnes of fruits and vegetables, 20162019, Schematic representation of a food supply chain and its connection to input and service supply chains, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMAE, A simplified illustration of three types of food supply chains regarding vulnerability to shocks and stresses and their resilience capacities, Summary of COVID-19 impacts on food supply chains in three countries and subsequent adaptations, RIMA resilience pillars by country profile, Drivers of rural household resilience and policy implications, The climate resilience of pastoralists and agropastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa, Synergies between productivity, resilience and sustainability: the Mountain Partnership Products initiative, Direct and indirect impacts of social protection programmes on household resilience to multiple shocks, Agrifood systems components and contextual factors, Entry points to manage agrifood systems risk and uncertainty, Pathways to produce agricultural output and sell it in domestic and export markets, for value, PATHWAYS TO SOURCE FOOD FROM STOCKS, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OR IMPORTS, FOR KILOCALORIES, Pathways to source primary commodities as inputs to produce processed foods and sell them in domestic and export markets, in value, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for protein, 20162018, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for fat, 20162018, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for TONNES OF fruits and vegetables, 20162018, Primary production flexibility index (PPFI) for protein, 20162018, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for kilocalories and for TONNES OF fruits and vegetables, 20162018, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for protein and for fat, 20162018, Indicators of resilience and vulnerability of food transport networks, Affordability of energy-sufficient and healthy diets in 2019, List of countries in the FAO-RIMA data set, The need for more resilient agrifood systems, Understanding resilience in agrifood systems, How shocks and stresses disrupt agrifood systems, Agrifood systems resilience in changing contexts, Building agrifood systems resilience a framework, Resilience of agrifood systems functions, Absorbing shocks in the primary production sector, Guaranteeing availability of nutritious food, Ensuring physical access to food at subnational level the domestic food transport network, Setting the stage a supply chain perspective of resilience, Determinants of resilience of rural livelihoods, Small-scale agricultural producers bear a double burden, Potential solutions for resilient rural livelihoods, Means of enhancing national agrifood systems resilience: structural characteristics, Policy measures that enhance food supply chain resilience, Enhancing the resilience capacities of small-scale producers and vulnerable households, Planning for the future broader policy areas and priorities, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for kilocalories and for tonnes of fruits and vegetables, 20162018, Agrifood systems resilience and the six dimensions of food security, Pathways to source primary commodities as inputs to produce processed foods and sell them in domestic and export markets, for value, Dietary sourcing flexibility index (DSFI) for tonnes of fruits and vegetables, 20162018, Defining agrifood systems in relation to food systems, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMAEs, SUMMARY OF SELECTED FAO ANTICIPATORY ACTION INTERVENTIONS FUNDS SPENT, NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES AND RETURN ON INVESTMENTS. In L. Lipper, N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw & G. Branca, eds. 13. 2017. 171 pp. A production sector with wider options to produce and market agricultural products is better able to absorb covariate risks that affect groups, regions or entire countries. Individual whose total sales of food to the market are less than purchases of food from the market.14, Net food producer. Bangkok, FAO. Farmers working in terraced rice fields in Mu Cang Chai, Yen Bai. Recursiveness if a choice is broken down into two successive choices, the original H is the weighted sum of the individual values of H. Where pi is the proportion (i/N) of pathways of one particular level in Figures A1.1 divided by the total number of pathways found (N), and H is the entropy of the set of probabilities. If the pandemic has taught us anything, it is that childrens and adolescents mental health is profoundly affected by their surroundings and circumstances their experiences with parents and caregivers, their friendships and how they play, learn and grow.
UNICEF (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/am085e/am085e.pdf). Policies that maintain macroeconomic stability, on the other hand, can enhance household resilience by facilitating self-insurance mechanisms such as savings. Systems are less vulnerable to network disruptions if food is produced locally, as it is not transported over long distances. 15 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/3/a-i7959e.pdf). & Davies, M. 2012. In both cases, there has been a significant improvement in food security and nutrition in the local community, with benefits for women, who have been increasingly engaged in farming, but also for many young people who have been able to resume education. In a call for cross-sectoral collaboration to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt and transform in the face of shocks and stresses across all sectors of society, the UN has developed and adopted the UN Common Guidance on Helping Build Resilient Societies.9 Since there is a wide variety of risks relating to understanding resilience, the UN offers the following definition: the ability of individuals, households, communities, cities, institutions, systems and societies to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt, and transform positively, efficiently and effectively when faced with a wide range of risks, while maintaining an acceptable level of functioning and without compromising long-term prospects for sustainable development, peace and security, human rights and well-being for all. 27. In the Niger, Assalama, 15 years of age and without any formal education, participated in entrepreneurial and life skills training a year ago, and is now running her own catering business, providing a useful service for her community and additional income to help her family. 2021. 5. At the other extreme, in a country like Somalia, where food systems are not set up to go local and route redundancy is low (see dark orange and orange cells), disruptions to critical links may still force food systems to go local for a time, which can be challenging. National agrifood systems, aggregating all subsystems economic, social and environmental including the full range of actors, networks and food supply chains that contribute to food security and nutrition and impact on the environment. It shows how agricultural commodities are produced at upstream farm level, then supplied to the midstream agrifood businesses that process them for subsequent shipment to downstream retailers. At the same time, it promotes targeted actions to advance the leadership and well-being of adolescent girls, since girls are both disproportionately affected by gender inequality and have tremendous potential to be leaders for change. In any society, the extent and stability of such households food security is a crucial determinant of agrifood systems resilience. They can diversify income either by on-farm crops or livestock diversification or by engaging in the rural non-farm economy. Global Environmental Change, 18(4): 598606. Apart from public procurement programmes, social assistance components in productive support programmes are still rare. New report shows 85 per cent of all permanent Olympic venues still in use. Producing more with less, and at the same time protecting and enhancing the livelihoods of small-scale agricultural producers and other agrifood actors, are global challenges. The unemployment rate in the OECD area fell for the sixth consecutive month to 5.7% in October 2021, from 5.8% in September but at a slower pace than in previous months. Careful consideration of trade-offs is necessary to minimize them or even, to the fullest extent possible, turn them into synergies through an enabling environment, investments and policies. While it is widely acknowledged that redundancy and diversification improve resilience, there can be trade-offs with efficiency and even equity. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4474en). Proximity-based resilience levels (vertical axis) equal to 1 indicate that production can meet demand in its specific catchment area, implying each catchment could revert to self-contained city-region agrifood systems if needed. Rome, FAO. 2021).37, National disaster and risk management tools tailored to food supply chains. Figure 3 presents the three dimensions of the PPFI for protein valid proxy for value given scarce producer price data as a 20162018 average for all crop and livestock products. The COVID-19 pandemic created an opportunity to promote further interest in local food, made available by local supply chains.17 With a small number of intermediaries and shorter distribution time, local food supply chains are often capable of providing consumers with fresher, more nutritious food, in addition to the perceived development and sustainability benefits of reduced fossil fuel consumption and increased support for the local economy.1719 Improved ruralurban infrastructure and building the capacities of actors within traditional food supply chains to use digital tools can create synergies between efficiency, inclusiveness and sustainability, while enhancing the diversity of overall agrifood systems.
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